Esquizofrenia, genética, epigênesis, ambiente: uma revisão sistemática das hipóteses etiológicas unifi cadas e do perfi l genética; e um novo algoritmo para o tratamento dos achados principais

Contexto: la esquizofrenia es un síndrome complejo relacionado con genes y factores de riesgo no genéticos. Estudios epidemiológicos reconocidos reportan su presencia en todas las culturas y regiones geográficas. En este sentido, las Hipótesis Etiológicas Unificadas enfrentan simultáneamente el desafío de presentar los datos experimentales y demostrar que éstos dan cuenta del perfil universal del síndrome. Objetivos: revisar sistemáticamente las más prominentes Hipótesis Etiológicas Unifi - cadas, así como la distribución semántica de los hallazgos genéticos (mediante técnicas de minería de datos) y proponer un nuevo modelo, basado en los efectos dinámicos de carácter epigenético sobre la activación genética en el neurodesarrollo y la pubertad. Resultados: de manera general, las Hipótesis Etiológicas Unificadas contradicen los  principales hallazgos genéticos (que sugieren que la esquizofrenia está asociada al perfil de neurotransmisores como D-1 y la cascada Glutamato-NMDA); también, por regla general, los hallazgos genéticos se encuentran esparcidos por todo el genoma (tal como revelamos en un mapa topológico de los 3519 estudios en el asunto). La clave para este estado complejo de cosas puede estar representada por la asociación entre la perspectiva de que cada polimorfismo asociado a la esquizofrenia representa un factor de riesgo estadístico (es decir, aumentando el riesgo de inestabilidades del desarrollo), mientras que las cascadas moleculares de carácter epigenético y los factores de riesgo ambientales permanecen actuantes mediante la activación de genes en períodos críticos.

Caracterização anatômica e perfi l químico da lâmina foliar de Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn, de manguezais impactados e não impactados do litoral de São Paulo

Anatomical characterization and chemical profi le of Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn leaf blades, from impacted and non-impacted mangroves of the São Paulo Coast. Several sources of environmental impact have caused great damage to the fl ora in mangroves. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the anatomy and chemical composition of Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn leaf blades, from impacted (Municipality of Santos) and non-impacted mangroves (Municipality of Peruíbe) of the São Paulo Coast. For the leaf anatomy studies, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used. For chemical analysis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was conducted. The biometry revealed leaf tissues of plants from impacted mangroves with a less thick epidermis and mesophyll and higher width of the central vascular beam. A smaller number of stomata and higher amounts of druses in these leaves were also observed. Results were confi rmed by the Student t-test (α = 5%). The chemical profi les revealed a higher ammount of secondary metabolites in leaves from the impacted environment.

Surtos de gastroenterite relacionados ao consumo de laticínios no estado de São Paulo no período de 2000 a 2010

Milk is considered a nutritionally complete food but it is also an excellent substrate for microbial growth. Therefore, it may pose a risk to consumers’ health. The aim of this study was to collect data on the occurrence of gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by the intake of milk and dairy products in the state of São Paulo, from 2000 to 2010. The data were collected from the records on foodborne illness outbreaks kept by the Division of Waterborne and Foodborne Diseases of the Center for Epidemiological Surveillance of the Department of Health of the State of São Paulo. A total of 239 outbreaks were notifi ed. They involved 2.418 cases related to the consumption of dairy products during the study period. The etiological agents were identifi ed in 79 outbreaks (33.0%). They were mostly bacteria (84.8%), especially Staphylococcus aureus. Most outbreaks occurred at home (59.4%) and during the months of January (14.2%) and July (12.5%). Most (24.1%) of the affected individuals aged 20 to 49 years. The results shows the need of better manufacturing and handling practices, as well as increasing the awareness of the population and relevant agencies about the importance of notifying cases and implementing preventive measures to ensure food safety.

Feiras e exposições internacionais: um estudo exploratório dos fatores de decisão e motivação de participação numa feira internacional

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Empreendedorismo e Internacionalização Orientada por Prof. Doutor José Freitas Santos

Aproximación a una metodología para la identificación de componentes que crean condiciones para la perdurabilidad en empresas colombianas

En una sociedad de organizaciones, característica central de la contemporaneidad, el desafío de la Administración consiste en diseñar y poner en práctica organizaciones de tipo III1 para que se comporten como sistemas biológicos efi cientes con perfi l ecosistémico. Con lo anterior, reconocemos que las empresas forman parte de la vida, que deben ser estudiadas con una orientación fundamentada en la dinámica de sistemas, las ciencias de la complejidad y la teoría del caos. El paradigma vigente, aferrado a la realidad empresarial en el mundo entero, poco a poco da paso a otras formas de pensamiento que redundarán en nuevas concepciones, en otros marcos conceptuales y teóricos y en herramientas singulares que permitirán comprender la empresa de otra manera, y con ello tomar decisiones más acertadas, crecer de forma sana e incrementar su longevidad con calidad de vida. El paradigma vigente, centrado en la linealidad, la determinística, la certeza, la precisión mecánica y matemática, la predicción y el desconocimiento de la ambigüedad y la incertidumbre total rumbo a lo desconocido, se apresta a ser reemplazado por otras formas de ver el mundo que se apalancan en la física cuántica, la termodinámica del no equilibrio, la biología, la matemática cualitativa, la topología, las lógicas no clásicas, la geometría fractal, la dinámica de sistemas y las ciencias de la complejidad, todas ellas destinadas a comprender fenómenos incrustados en la vida cotidiana, que evolucionan, coevolucionan, cooperan, migran, nacen, crecen, enferman y mueren, características indiscutibles de las empresas de hoy y de siempre. Manifestamos, entonces, que con un nuevo espíritu científi co más vinculado con la vida, la Administración, como disciplina universal que existe para convertir la complejidad y la especialización en resultados, que se caracteriza por convocar múltiples disciplinas con las cuales construye sus conceptos, contesta sus preguntas y aborda sus dudas, se aleja de la visión cartesiana del mundo, reemplaza la visión newtoniana plasmada en el cálculo diferencial e intenta reemplazar buena parte de los axiomas euclídeos. Con lo anterior como precepto, los grupos de investigación de la Facultad de Administración de la Universidad del Rosario iniciaron este camino hace dos años; esperamos, en breve, aportar a la clase empresarial colombiana una nueva concepción de la empresa soportada en la subjetividad, la interpretación, la creatividad, y una forma de pensamiento basada más en las relaciones que en las formas, mucho más en lo cualitativo que en lo cuantitativo, tanto más en los patrones y menos en la sustancia. Este documento es resultado del trabajo del Grupo de Investigación sobre Perdurabilidad Empresarial de la Facultad de Administración de Empresas de la Universidad del Rosario, que durante el año 2006 orientó esfuerzos de investigación fundamentados en la comprensión del tema, que puede considerarse novedoso en el ámbito de la investigación en la Administración. Este documento tiene el aporte de profesores del grupo de estudio establecido para este propósito. Los integrantes son: Carlos Eduardo Méndez Álvarez, Liliana Mendoza Saboya, Fernando Restrepo Puerta, Hugo Alberto Rivera Rodríguez y Rodrigo Vélez Bedoya.

Una propuesta para la profesionalización de la gestión del conocimiento en Colombia.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar al país un programa de posgrado que contribuya a la profesionalización de la gestión del conocimiento (KM, por su sigla en inglés) en Colombia. Este programa se constituye en uno de los retos que la Facultad de Ingeniería de Sistemas de la Universidad Católica de Colombia se ha trazado para estar a la vanguardia de las oportunidades y desafíos que propone un mundo globalizado, cuya economía está integrada por empresas y trabajadores que producen, intercambian, almacenan y consumen conocimientos. Luego de una breve introducción, en la segunda parte se exponen los motivos que dan sentido a la formulación y puesta en marcha de este programa. En la tercera parte se presentan los elementos conceptuales que componen el programa y cómo estos se relacionan entre sí para conformar lo que se ha denominado la triada conceptual. Esta triada permite identifi car el qué, el cómo y el para qué de la especialización. En el cuarto apartado se destaca la necesidad de establecer un perfi l del gestor de conocimiento o Chief Knowledge Offi cer (CKO) y se hace una propuesta general de sus características, funciones, objetivos y tareas concretas que debe desarrollar. Finalmente, se insiste en que no es sufi ciente contar con el rol de CKO en la empresa, sino que también es necesario tener un sistema de incentivos que motiven a las personas a participar en el desarrollo de iniciativas asociadas con la gestión del conocimiento.

Entre a continuidade e a inovação : o ensino superior de Enfermagem e as práticas pedagógicas dos professores de Enfermagem

Este artigo tem como objectivo identifi car e caracterizar que mudanças a integração do ensino de enfermagem no ensino superior politécnico desencadeou nas práticas pedagógicas dos docentes de enfermagem. As fi nalidades do ensino superior de estimular o desenvolvimento do espírito científi co, do pensamento refl exivo e da criação cultural, consequentemente relacionado com uma aprendizagem emancipatória, emergiu como um dos objectivo a alcançar na reforma curricular de enfermagem. Nesse âmbito, preconizou-se o estudante como um dos actores na formação e que esta atendesse às suas necessidades de aprendizagem. E o professor, como elemento coadjuvante da formação, tendo sempre em conta a globalidade da pessoa do estudante e a sua relação com o mundo. Para poder compreender o efeito que a integração do ensino de enfermagem no sistema educativo nacional, ao nível do ensino superior politécnico, provocou nas práticas pedagógicas dos professores de enfermagem, analisou-se a forma como estes vivenciaram a reforma educativa e a interligação entre as suas concepções do perfi l do enfermeiro bacharel e as estratégias desenvolvidas na formação dos mesmos. Os resultados do estudo evidenciaram um discurso dicotómico polarizado à volta de duas ideias essenciais: o papel do estudante e a concepção de enfermagem subjacente à formação. Uma das posições defendia a inovação, com o estudante como actor da sua formação e com uma concepção de enfermagem centrada na pessoa; enquanto outra, defendia a continuidade no papel passivo do estudante e na concepção de enfermagem centrada na doença. Esta bipolaridade de pareceres sugere algumas situações dilemáticas que emergem na prática pedagógica dos docentes como uma escolha difícil entre o que querem e o que fazem.

Influência do ambiente rural e urbano no desenvolvimento funcional de crianças de até seis anos de idade

The influence of the environment on psychomotor development of children is evidenced in many studies. Many factors can threaten children’s development and hinder the children with regard to functional activities. Objective: The objective of this research was to investigate the possible effects of urban and rural environment on the functional performance of children under six years old. Methods: The study included 30 children divided into two groups, one group consisted of 15 children of both genres with a mean age of 44.13 ± 20.97 months, residing in urban area and another for 15 children, both sexes with a mean age of 44.33 ± 20.91 months, residing in rural areas. All were tested using functional Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), which is based on an evaluation trial, conducted through structured interviews with those responsible for the child. This test outlines the functional profi le of children in three performance areas: self-care, mobility and social function, evaluated in three parts (functional skills, caregiver assistance and modifi cations to the environment). In this study we used the parts I (funcional skills) and II (caregiver assistance) in three areas: self-care, mobility and social function. The collected data were analyzed by means of the Mann - Whitney test, with the level of signifi cance at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The results show no signifi cant difference in the areas of self-care and mobility, both in relation to functional abilities when the caregiver assistance. In the area of social function, there was a lower performance of children living in rural areas, in functional abilities (p = 0.027) and caregiver assistance (p = 0.028). Conclusion: Based on this information, we can conclude that children who live in rural areas have a worse development of the social functions of children living in urban areas.

Indicadores Antropométricos do Estado Nutricional de Idosas Praticantes e Não Praticantes de Exercício Fisíco na Zona Norte de São José do Rio Preto-SP

Although the regular practice of physical exercise for the maintenance of the nutritional state and quality of life is important, it is not a common habit among the elderly, especially those of the lower income social bracket. The objective was to characterize and compare according to social-economic conditions and anthropometric indexes of the nutritional state of the elderly who regularly practice and those who do not practice exercises, offered at no cost, in the Northern zone of São José do Rio Preto-SP. In this study, 110 elderly women participated, of which 60 (group P) exercised regularly and 50 did not (group NP). Group P participated in a special gym program, free of charge, for at least 2 years, 2 to 3 times a week, one hour a day. Group NP was recruited from the same location as Group P. The comparison between the groups of elderly women was proportionately distributed according to marital status, level of education, means of locomotion, results of body mass index (IMC), waist to hip ratio (RCQ) and calf circumference, using the chi-square test. Comparisons were also made of average age, per capita family income, individual income, IMC, arm and triceps skin fold measured by t-Test. Differences were not found in all the comparisons made. The variables that stood out were the IMC (overweight) and RCQ (risk of chronic diseases) results, which were above what was expected, and the high frequency of walking and riding buses for both groups of elderly women (about 60%). We came to the conclusion that the low-intensity exercise program evaluated made no difference in the nutritional profile of the elderly who also used walking as a means of getting around.

Perfil e avaliação dos participantes de um curso de formação continuada em práticas educacionais inclusivas na modalidade a distância

This article analyses aspects related to a continuing education course about Inclusive and Special Education in the area of Mental Disabilities offered to 20 (twenty) groups of teachers by the Ministry of Education. The Distance Course was offered in different regions of Brazil with a 180 (a hundred and eighty) hours workload. The research included the profi le of the participants, an evaluation of the course by the participants and the analysis of the dropout causes. The aspects of the course under evaluation received a positive evaluation by most of the participants. The most frequent reason for the dropout rates include participants’ limitations in terms of meeting deadlines, personal reasons and diffi culties in using computers. It was concluded that Distance Education seems to be a relevant tool for the acquisition of knowledge about inclusive practice.

Avaliação laboratorial da cinomose canina: estudo retrospectivo de 25 casos no município de Araçatuba-SP

Canine Distemper is a contagious, severe and multisystemic disease caused by a virus from Morbillivírus genus. The virus is distributed worldwide and it presents a high lethality rate, affecting mainly dogs. The diagnosis is based on clinical signs associated with hematological fi ndings. The observation of Lentz bodies in erythrocytes and leukocytes is the defi nitive diagnosis for the disease. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that the hematological profi le in dogs positive for canine distemper differs according to blood cell type presenting Lentz bodies. For this purpose, 25 dogs positive for the disease were evaluated at the Veterinary Hospital “Luís Quintiliano de Oliveira” UNESP, Araçatuba city. The diagnosis was based on the observation of Lentz bodies in blood smears. Fromthe total, 64% of dogs presented anemia, 16% leucopenia and 12% leukocytosis. Lymphopenia occurred in 76% of dogs. Viral inclusions were observed solely in neutrophils (32%), lymphocytes (28%) and erythrocytes (12%). Concomitant observation occurred in lymphocytes and erythrocytes (4 %), in lymphocytes and neutrophils (12%), in neutrophils and monocytes (4%) and in neutrophils and erythrocytes (4%). In an isolated case Lentz bodies were observed simultaneously in neuthrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. In conclusion, hematological profi le is not associated with the presence of viral inclusion in a particular cell type.

Isoflavones supplementation of a probiotic soy product: effects on quality characteristics and isoflavones profile

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of isofl avones supplementation of a fermented soy product on its sensory acceptance, physicochemical properties and probiotic cell viable count. Additionally we also investigated the ability of the mixed starter cultures (Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus helveticus 416) to modify the isofl avones profi le of soy product during the fermentation process. Three products were analysed: soy product fermented with E. faecium CRL 183 and L. helveticus 416, isofl avonessupplemented soy product (fermented with E. faecium CRL 183 and L. helveticus 416; 50mg/100g, Isofl avin®, Galena, Brazil) and unfermented soy product. A panel of judges evaluated the acceptability of the samples on a nine point structured hedonic scale. The chemical composition namely fat, protein, ash and total carbohydrate contents, pH, enumeration of viable Lactobacillus spp. and Enterococcus spp. and quantifi cation of isofl avones using HPLC were investigated. All determinations were conducted after 7 days storage at 10°C. The sensorial acceptance was reduced in the isofl avones-supplemented soy product, but this effect was not signifi cant compared to the sample without isofl avones addition. Chemical composition did not differ (p<0.05) among the samples. Cell viable counts were reduced and total fermentation time was longer in the isofl avonessupplemented soy product, suggesting that the isofl avone addition could inhibit the starter cultures. However, all the products may be considered probiotic since they exhibited lactic acid bacterial populations varying from 2.3 x 109 up to 1.22 x 1010 CFU/mL. Fermentation of soymilk did not change the isofl avones profi le. In conclusion, it was possible to obtain a fermented soy product containing a high isofl avones concentration, adequate sensory and chemical characteristics and lactic acid bacterial viability suffi ciently high to characterize the product as a probiotic. The mixed starter culture was not able to convert the glycoside isofl avones into aglycone or produce equol during the fermented soy product processing.

Indicadores antropométricos do estado nutricional entre idosas praticantes e não praticantes de exercício físico na zona norte de São José do Rio Preto-SP

Although the regular practice of physical exercise for the maintenance of the nutritional state and quality of life is important, it is not a common habit among the elderly, especially those of the lower income social bracket. The objective was to characterize and compare according to social-economic conditions and anthropometric indexes of the nutritional state of the elderly who regularly practice and those who do not practice exercises, offered at no cost, in the Northern zone of São José do Rio Preto-SP. In this study, 110 elderly women participated, of which 60 (group P) exercised regularly and 50 did not (group NP). Group P participated in a special gym program, free of charge, for at least 2 years, 2 to 3 times a week, one hour a day. Group NP was recruited from the same location as Group P. The comparison between the groups of elderly women was proportionately distributed according to marital status, level of education, means of locomotion, results of body mass index (IMC), waist to hip ratio (RCQ) and calf circumference, using the chi-square test. Comparisons were also made of average age, per capita family income, individual income, IMC, arm and triceps skin fold measured by t-Test. Differences were not found in all the comparisons made. The variables that stood out were the IMC (overweight) and RCQ (risk of chronic diseases) results, which were above what was expected, and the high frequency of walking and riding buses for both groups of elderly women (about 60%). We came to the conclusion that the low-intensity exercise program evaluated made no difference in the nutritional profi le of the elderly who also used walking as a means of getting around.

Ações de Educação Física na saúde coletiva brasileira: expectativas versus evidências

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

O efeito protetor do bicarbonato de sódio na nefropatia induzida por contraste radiológico em ratos

Contrastes radiológicos iodados – CI são causa de lesão renal aguda – LRA. Avaliar o efeito renoprotetor do bicarbonato de sódio (Bic) sobre a função renal (clearance de creatinina, Jaff é, Clcr-ml/min/100g) e o perfi l oxidativo (excreção de peróxidos, PU e de malondealdeído urinários, FOX-2 e TBARs, nmol/mgCr ) em ratos com CI. Ratos machos adultos Wistar, 250-300g, tratados 1x/dia, por 5 dias, foram divididos nos grupos: Salina (solução salina 0,9%, 3ml/kg/dia, intraperitoneal-i.p.); CI (ioxitalamato de meglumina e sódio, 3ml/kg, i.p); Bic+Salina (Bic 3ml/kg, i.p, 1 hora antes e 1 hora depois da Salina); Bic+CI (Bic 3ml/ kg, i.p, 1 hora antes e 1 hora depois do CI). CI induziu LRA e o Bic confi rmou seu efeito renoprotetor antioxidante (Clcr/TBARs/PU Salina: 0,59±0,03/0,11±0,02/1,29±0,24 vs Bic+Salina 0,58±0,03/0,13±0,02/1,32±0,64 vs CI 0,22±0,02A/0,19±0,02A/4,77±0, 24A vs Bic+CI 0,51±0,04B/0,13±0,3B/1,80± 0,04B, A/B p<0,05). O Bic confi rmou efeito protetor na LRA por CI, podendo ser considerado como possibilidade terapêutica para pacientes submetidos a CI.